Sun has been the focal point of faith in various civilizations since ancient times. This faith towards the Sun somewhere reflects the importance of the Sun. The Sun and the Earth are believed to originate from the same root nebula. Commonly,
Earth is also called a piece of the Sun. The presence of various elements present on the surface of the Earth on the surface of the Sun (light) confirms this fact on the scientific arrow. Along with the origin of the Earth, the origin and development of life present on it also depends on the Sun. Energy is one of the important factors for life. Nuclear on earth apart from energy, all other types of energy are directly or indirectly related to solar energy. The Sun is a common star among about two trillion stars present in our galaxy. But its proximity to us makes it the most important star for humans and the entire earth. Even after such a deep connection to our daily life, most people usually get confused when they ask about the star nearest to them.
The Sun is located at a distance of 8.33 light minutes (500 light seconds) from us, ie, the light emanating from the Sun at a speed of 3 lakh kilometers per second reaches the Earth 500 takes seconds. The mean distance between the Sun and Earth. Also called an
Astronomical Unit (TAU = 150x10 km). The second nearest star from Earth is
Proxima Centauri, which is 1.24 light-years away from us. It is 2,60,000 times more distant from the Earth than the Sun. This is the reason why it has not been possible to see the stern found in addition to the sun even with the help of the most powerful Dabina built so far, in the study of the other shops, the observation of kill is also important. Based on the various observed properties of the Sun, models related to the structure of other stars are prepared. For all these reasons only, the Sun and its various qualities are worthy of the subtlest study.
Three important parameters of the Sun have been determined based on astronomical observations. The first of which is the mass of the Sun M = 2x100 kg, which is 3,33,000 times more than the mass of the Earth. The mass of the Sun can be easily determined by studying the orbits of the Earth and other planets. The centripetal force required for the planets to rotate in their orbits is derived from the gravitational force exerted between the sun and the planet. The force of gravity is directly related to the mass on the arrow. We calculate the mass of the Sun by the orbital velocity of the planets.
The third major criterion is the luminosity of the Sun '. This shows how much energy the sun emits in all directions per second. Its numerical value is 3.84X105 bot. The luminosity of a star or other hot body depends on its surface area and temperature. 140 R. T for the Sun where the first term represents the surface area of the Sun and the second term represents the Sun's unit The energy emitted per second from the field (E = OT 'from the
Stefan Boltzmann law). The effective temperature of the Sun is, whose value, comparing the Sun's spectrum with the black body spectrum, yields 5778 kelvins. The temperature of different regions of the Sun varies. So T is the average temperature of the Sun in a way. These three parameters provide the basic information for building the model of the Sun. But for the construction of the model, only such information is not enough, knowledge of various elements present in the Sun and their ratio is also necessary. Solar spectrum is an important approach in this regard. Along with all this a very important fact is the stability of the Sun as an energy source. The age of the earth is determined by geological research
. The estimated age of the Earth is 4.4 billion years, of course, the age of the Sun will be its equivalent or more. In addition, the study of meteorite bodies is also important in calculating the age of the Tire Circle. Just like carbon dating to different fossils age is known. In the same way, the age of meteorites is determined by finding the ratio of different radioactive substances.
Studies done so far on meteorite bodies have shown that our solar system is 4.55 billion years old. This stability of the Sun helps us in understanding the inner movements of the Sun and in building the model of the Sun. First we will have to study the conditions that our model sun is also permanent like real sun, for this, our model sun must have two equilibrium. The first dynamic equilibrium and the second
thermodynamic equilibrium, because the
luminosity of the Sun L - 4 RR OF is directly dependent on the radius and effective temperature of the Sun. Dynamic equilibrium is the equilibrium corresponding to the radius of the Sun i.e. its size. Any thing happens in pathetic equilibrium when the total of all the lights on it is zero. The air pressure of the work in the direction of speed, pressure and pressure in the gas donation center is truly true with hydration and helium is a condition. . One fact to consider about the visible surface of the Sun (light is); It is continuously emitting energy in the form of heat and light. But there is no change in its temperature over time. The general law of thermodynamics states that an object emitting energy cools over time. It can be experienced in daily life. If a body emitting energy is not cooled with time, it is receiving energy from some source.
The structure of the Sun is made up of many layers like an onion, since the Sun is a gaseous body its various layers have no regular boundary. They are separated from another layer on the basis of differences in physical parameters like temperature, temperature and density.
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| Interior of the Sun |
Therefore, it can be said that the sun is in the thermodynamic equilibrium, it means that each layer is taking heat from its inner layer and providing it to the outer layer. This leads to the conclusion that all the energy of the Sun is being produced in its innermost part i.e. the center.
Since ancient times, great scientists have shown interest in understanding the source of the sun's immense energy and its mechanism. Initially, the combustion of oxygen and hydrogen was considered the source of solar energy. But if it were so, the sun would have been able to emit its energy for only 3000 years.
In 1842, J.D. R. Mayer described the sun's energy as related to meteorites. According to him, meteorites falling in the sun can emit enough energy as a result of friction and collision with the sun.
As a result, the mass of the Sun should increase due to the falling bodies in the Sun, which should directly affect the orbital velocity of the planets.
Lord Kelvin and
Hermann von Helmholtz opposed this theory due to the lack of acceleration of planetary velocity. He attributed the energy generated in the Sun to the contraction of the Sun. If the Sun is 20 meters narrower every year then it can give energy for 50 million years. Although this time is very long, as we have said earlier, the age of the Sun is much more than this. In 1920
Sir James Jeans revealed the source of energy to radioactivity. While this fact proved to be wrong, the focus of scientists shifted to nuclear energy as a source of solar energy.
In 1929,
Atkinson and Hootermans suggested that solar energy could originate from the nucleus of atoms receiving external protons. The great scientist
George Gamov provided the mathematical basis for this fact from the new science of the time. Of his
tunnel theory is . As a result of these collisions, their energy decreases and their path remains irregular. This part of the Sun's internal structure is called the radiation field. It takes several thousand years for a photon to come out of the radiation field and its energy decays - it becomes X again ultraviolet from gamma and finally a
photon of visible and infrared radiation. It is an interesting fact that the light and heat that we are receiving from the Sun right now must have been in the center of the Sun several thousand years ago. In the nuclear fusion reaction occurring at the center of the Sun, positrons and neutrinos are also emitted as a by-product along with photons. The positron then converts into a photon of gamma radiation with its antimatter electron. But neutrinos continue their interesting journey from all circumstances. This journey of neutrinos is much simpler than Photona's struggling Vatra. Neutrino something The
fusion of protons proved possible by the generation of Suryabhauja. In 1939, Haynes Wede proposed in the USA and
Karl von Wiersucker in Germany the reaction of the carbon prototype to receive additional protons independently. This reaction is known as carbon - nitrogen - oxygen cycle or CNO cycle. At present, it is widely known that CNO cycle is important in energy generation of stars larger than the Sun, but it is relatively less effective in the Sun. The main source of energy in the Sun is the proton-proton cycle. The temperature of the center of the Sun is 15 million Kelvin and the density is about 150 grams cubic centimeters. Extremely high temperature and pressure at the center of the Sun provide suitable conditions for nuclear fusion. Proton - In the proton cycle (P - P cycle) 6 hydrogen nuclei converge at the same time to form the nucleus of a helium and two hydrogen nuclei are obtained in their original form. In this activity, the combined mass of product nuclei is somewhat less than the combined mass of reactive nuclei.This decrease in mass is called mass loss and is converted into energy according to
Einstein's greatest equation, E = mc2, At present, the sun is converting 50 million tons of hydrogen per second into energy. Even after such a large consumption of hydrogen, our Sun will live for the next 4.5 billion years.
Sun's environment :
The surface above the visible surface of the Sun is normally called the Sun's atmosphere. Just as the density of the Earth's atmosphere is much lower than its surface, similarly the density of the atmosphere of the Sun is also much lower than its surface.
Chromosphere is the first layer of the Sun's atmosphere. Rangavaran only during other solar eclipses for other periods
The Sir Edmund Haley, who discovered the described
Kiritavaran as pearl-white. Kirtitavaran is a highly functional layer of the Sun. Kirtitavan generally extends from one and a half to two times the radius of the Sun at the time of activation of the Sun, ten to fifteen times away. The density in Kiritawan is of the maximum vacuum attainable in laboratories. Therefore, due to excessive sparse and blurring, the radiation is not visible in the brightness of the light. In the present time, scientists have developed such machines. By which the light can be covered artificially. With the help of these instruments, which are called
coronographs, one can observe the rotation at any time.
The temperature increases by three to four times when going from light discharge to recoloration, but there is a surprising increase in temperature till the corridor. The temperature of Kiritawan reaches 1.5 to 20 million Kelvin. Such a high temperature of kiritovan is contrary to the law of thermodynamics.
This incredible increase in the temperature of the Sun's atmosphere has been the subject of scientific research for many decades. Many solutions to this problem were also suggested by scientists, but no universal solution has been found so far. Due to no sharp boundary, the different layers of the Sun are separated from each other by the Transition Regions spanning several kilometers. There is also a thin and irregular layer of transition zone between overheated caries and relatively cold erosion.
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