Light, your many forms
What is light?
In similar words, light is a type of energy that generates consciousness for us to see things. You cannot see the light in astonishing manner but without the light the presence of any object cannot be seen.
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| light |
The nature of light is more mysterious than our thinking. Since time immemorial, light has produced curiosity in the human mind, but still the nature of light has not been well understood. Nevertheless, we sometimes feel its nature spontaneously around us. The rays of the sun peeping through the window of thick clouds, the beautiful rainbow made after the rain, the night sky filled with the twinkling lights of the stars, etc. Natural events give some glimpses of the nature of light. These glimpses however deepen the mysticism of the nature of light.
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| VIBGYOR |
Principles of Light
• Particle Theory
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| WAVE-PARTICAL theory |
This principle is the simplest theory to explain the nature of light. Accordingly, a glowing object emits a stream of granules in every direction. The great scientist Sir Isaac Newton wrote in his book Optics, "Are light rays not the very microscopic particles emanating from a glowing object?" He believed that the geometry of reflection and refraction in light transmission can only be understood as corpuscles. . He enlisted the aid of Prism to confirm his vote. He showed that the white visible light is actually made up of colored granules of different sizes and these colors can be seen after passing the light through the prism. He considered these corpuscles to be so fine that when two light rays are implanted, there is little chance of collision of the corpuscles. But proponents of the partical theory rejected the formation of white light from other colors, saying that these colors are not of light but are visible due to their distortion of the light prism. Newton responded to this argument by placing two prisms in the opposite direction instead of one, turning the colored light back into white light. 140 AD E Claudius Talmy found the refraction angles in water for different incidence angles of air and tabulated them. Villeboard Snail discovered the Law of Refraction in 1621 using the Talmese table, which is called 'Snail's Law' after him. In 1637
Renรฉ Dacarte derived the rules of Snail. Their derivation was actually quite similar to the concepts of annular theory. Perhaps it was Newton's fame that led to the particle theory not being known as Renรฉ Dakarte but Newton.
.The wave theory
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| eveluation of light |
The wave theory being very simple and easily explaining the laws of reflection and refraction, annular theory was unable to explain many experimental observations. The
Newton rings of the mid-seventeenth century are beautiful examples of the ripple nature of light. Newton tried to explain their origin by annular theory, which is why they got the name Newton ring. Newton's explanation, however, later proved to be absolutely unsatisfactory.
Italian scientist Francesco Nimaldi observed the diffraction of white light around 1665 when it passed through a small hole. From this he concluded "
Light is a fluid that has a wave-like motion. Later Hooke also observed this phenomenon. Explanation of the diffraction of light was possible only by wave theory, which
Hygens proposed in 1678. This theory was able to explain diffraction as well as reflection, refraction, and interference of light. Despite all this, Newton's dominance and recognition was heavy on wave theory. Wave theory became acceptable in 1802 when
Thomas Young gave light Historical experiments related to interference, which could only be understood by wave theory. With this experiment, Young successfully explained the formation of Newton Rings. In 1808, Malles saw the light, which was interpreted by 1816 Frennel based on wave theory. In 1816, Frennel and Arego experimented on the imposition of linear polarized light, based on which Young concluded that light was a transverse wave. The recognition of wave theory reached its zenith by the second quarter of the 19th century. As many theories envisaged a universal medium called ether in view of the need for a medium for the transmission of waves
the electromagnetic wave theory still witnessed progress in the field of electromagnets in the 19th century. At the same time Maxwell introduced electromagnetism The rules were squeezed to form four equations. With the help of these equations, he derived a wave equation and theoretically predicted the existence of electromagnetic waves. From the wave equation thus derived, he suggested some experiments for measuring the speed of electromagnetic waves. Based on experiments conducted by Coleroch and Weber in 1856,
Maxwell found that the speed of electromagnetic waves in the air should be 3.107x108 m / s. Thus they found that this value is approximately equal to the speed of light measured by Fiju at the time 3.14858x108 m / s. Such a similarity in both measurements led Maxwell to conclude that light waves are in fact electromagnetic waves. This is where the
electromagnetic wave theory of light came into force in 1865.
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| spectrum of light |
In 1888 successfully performed the experiment related to the creation and detection of electromagnetic waves at Heinrich Rudolf Hertz . In this experiment, Hertz was also successful in creating static electromagnetic waves. The success of Hertz's experiment confirmed Maxwell's electromagnetic wave theory. The electromagnetic wave theory of light was so intense that by the end of the 19th century physicists began to accept that light was fully understood.
.Quantum theory
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| quantum theory |
Areas of science, fields of infinite possibilities Great principles are also given here. A similar interesting example is also associated with the use of Hertz. While this experiment on one hand seemed to confirm the proven wave, some of its observations were seen questioning the completeness of wave theory. In his experiment, Hertz took a unique observation, now known as photoelectric effect. Hertz did not even attempt to explain it at that time
, in 1897 JJ Thomson discovered electrons and in 1899 he showed that electrons could be emitted on the object of light on a metallic surface. Philip in 1902 Lenard suggested some important facts related to light electrical effects.
The wave theory proved to be a complete failure in explaining the lightning effect. In 1905, Albert Einstein proposed his quantum theory to explain this. In which he described light as containing energy packets or quanta which were later named photons by Gilbert Lewis. In his paper published in 1905, Einstein suggested that the monochromatic light behaves as if it were in h? There exist independent quanta of energy. Where h
Planck constant (6.626x10-34 joule second) and? Frequency of monochromatic light is .
Einstein was awarded the Physics Nobel Prize in the year 1921 for his contribution to the field of theoretical physics and in particular the interpretation of light-electric effects. Due to the lack of consensus regarding the nature of light, both the corpuscles and the tangles were recognized. Light was sometimes seen as a wave or a corpuscle, although both its forms were never seen together at the same time. But the two papers of light have been depicted together in the research paper of scientist Fabrizio Carbon and others published in a research journal called Nature Communication.
This basic charged particle is based on the mutual collision of electron and light-particle photon. The dual nature of light was confirmed by Luis DiBrogli in 1924 with his discovery that matter also behaves like a wave. Thus there is no such thing as pure particle or pure wave.
Production of light / photons
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| photon |
There are many methods of producing light, ie photons, but all are different forms of an atomic basic process. This process is related to the movement of electrons orbiting around the nucleus from one orbit to another. The level of structure of an atom is very subtle and complex for our direct observation. A wide range of theories for understanding the electrons moving around the nucleus but to understand the origin of light, it is enough to understand only one important fact. An electron is free to rotate in one orbit spontaneously, but its electrons can be transferred to higher orbits when the atom is energized. A
photon is emitted when the electron returns from the higher orbit to the lower orbit. The energy of the emitted photon is equal to the energy difference of the orbitals. Like sound, heat and electricity, light is a form of energy. In light-emitting devices, some form of energy transforms into light. The optical devices used in homes convert electrical energy into light energy, such as the yellow colored sodium lamps used on roadsides and streets, filled with sodium vapor. Sodium atoms are stimulated by electrical energy from which photons are emitted. The sodium atom has 11 electrons, of which one electron revolves in the outermost orbit. The electron present in the outermost orbit gets displaced into the higher orbit. Upon returning to its original orbit, the electron emits a photon of 590
nanometer frequency, which corresponds to yellow light. Photonics is the science and technology related to the origin, control and detection of photons. Photonics provides the basis for technology related to lighting used in daily life, from smartphones to laptops and Internet and medical devices. The colors of the rainbow form only a small part of the entire electromagnetic spectrum. Photonics coordinates the entire
electromagnetic spectrum with gamma to
radio waves,
x-ray, ultraviolet infrared radiation.
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